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The transfer of immotile sperm from the testis both to and through the epididymis relies on peristaltic-like contractions of the seminiferous tubules and the epididymal duct wall [1]. Contractions of seminiferous tubules and epididymal ducts are mediated by the smooth muscle-like cell layers surrounding them. To our knowledge, no evidence suggests neuronal innervation in the smooth muscle-type myoid cells of seminiferous tubules, and minimal innervation of the caput and corpus epididymis is seen [2]. Thus, other, nonneuronal factors must mediate contractility in these areas. Indeed, although the cauda epididymis does have considerable adrenergic innervation, disruption of the sympathetic supply from the mesenteric ganglion, while reducing its rate, does not abolish sperm transport [3].
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Date: November 30, 2005 Natural Standard Review of Belladonna Ulbricht C, Basch E, Hammerness P, Vora M, Wylie John Jr, Woods J. An evidence-based systematic review of belladonna by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 4 ; : 61-90. Natural Standard is an international research collaboration that aggregates and synthesizes data on complementary and alternative therapies. Founded by clinicians and researchers, it provides evidence-based information about complementary and alternative therapies. In this article, the authors present a review of the herb belladonna Atropa belladonna ; . Belladonna has been used for centuries for various indications, including headache, menstrual symptoms, peptic ulcer disease, inflammation, and motion sickness. It contains active agents with anticholinergic properties, such as the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscine scopolamine ; , and hyoscyamine. In its review, the National Standard Research Collaboration assigns grades that reflect the level of available scientific evidence in support of the efficacy of a given therapy for a specific indication. Grades range from "A" Strong Scientific Evidence "B" Good Scientific Evidence "C" Unclear or Conflicting Scientific Evidence "D" Fair Negative Scientific Evidence to "F" Strong Negative Scientific Evidence ; . The following grades were assigned for these common uses of belladonna: Irritable bowel syndrome Airway obstruction Autonomic nervous system disturbances Headache C C C Otitis media Premenstrual syndrome Radiodermatitis Menopausal symptoms C C C.
Fig. 5. Duration of the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on the rCBF response to the vibrotactile stimulation abolished by scopolamine in monkey brain. Scopolamine 50 g kg ; , physostigmine 10 g kg ; , E2020 100 g kg ; or tacrine 1000 g kg ; was administered i.v., and PET measurements were performed 1, 2 and 4 hr after administration. Data at time 0 were obtained just before administration of cholinesterase inhibitors. The ratios contralateral ipsilateral ; of rCBF for each condition were analyzed statistically as described for figure 2. Values are means S.D. of four monkeys. E, scopolamine alone 50 g kg F, scopolamine plus physostigmine 10 g kg , scopolamine plus E2020 100 g kg , scopolamine plus tacrine 1000 g kg ; . * .05 vs. time 0 value for each drug treatment; #P .05 vs. scopolaminealone condition at the respective time.
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Action and less systemic effect, should have preference over the oral agents. Although clinical trials in a pregnant population are date beclomethasone harmless to the fetus. Anticholinergic Historically, used in the for obstetric United Agents scopolamine anesthesia. States, or hydrobromide Inhaled atropine have treatment if any, cross the tachycardia. dipropionate has.
Table A1. De nition of hedonic housing variable s V ariable H ousing value variable s A NR ENT O W NSV AL Structur al attribute s R OO PPLO TS PFLR SP N OF LAV LA VH 20 SHA RE W ATER PO W ER ALL R OO F eighbou rhood attribut es PO LLUT SC HQL TY R EC Locationa l attribute s D ISTCB D D ISTW K D ISTSCH D ISTM HO SP D ISTOH OSP and secobarbital.
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Adamson SL. Imaging the yolk sac and placental circulations in vivo in mice. Placental Association of the Americas PAA ; Conference, 10th International Federation of Placenta Associations IFPA ; Meeting ; , Angiogenesis Workshop, Asilomar, California, September 2004. Adamson SL. Mutant mice as models for cardiovascular research in embryos, fetuses, and neonates. 2004 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology FASEB ; Summer Research Conference, "Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Perinatal Cardiovascular System", Tucson, Arizona, August 2004. Akoury H. Multifetal pregnancy reduction; Active management of labour; Management of post partum hemorrhage; Fetal surveillance in labour. The 2nd Jordanian Perinatology and Ultrasound Conference, Amman, Jordan, March 3-5, 2005. Barrett J. The Twin Birth Study. Israel Perinatal Society, Kfar Saba, Israel, August 12, 2004. Barrett J. The Twin Birth Study. UK Twin Birth Study Collaborators' Meeting, London, United Kingdom, October 28, 2004. Barrett J. The Twin Birth Study. UK Twin Birth Study Collaborators' Meeting, Campinas, Brazil, June 16, 2005. Bocking A. Overview of Reproductive Health Research Program of New Institutional Partners. Third Canada-Japan Bilateral Workshop on Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, November, 2004. Bocking A. Third International Workshop, Biomarkers and Preterm Birth Conference. Lake Arrowhead, California, March, 2005. Caniggia I. Fak and MAPK in Human Placentation. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology FASEB ; Summer Research Conference, Tucson, Arizona, July 31-August 5, 2004. Caniggia I. The Planet HIF: a Placental Tale. International Federation of Placenta Associations IFPA ; Conference, Asilomar, California, September 2004. Caniggia I. Dynamic Mechanisms of HIF-1 Regulation in Normal and Abnormal Placentation. 15th World Congress International Society for the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy, Vienna, Austria, November 2004. Caniggia I. Oxygen and Placental development: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Grand Rounds Ob Gyn, University of Turin, Italy, November 14, 2004. Caniggia I. Molecular Mechanisms in Preeclampsia. Ottawa Japan Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario, November 2004 and senna.
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T was 1971. A few friends camped rock shelter near Phantom Ranch. I turn-on-and-drop-out" age where theunderofahallucinogenic drugs extracted fromThe "tune-inuse Southwestern plants as inspired in part by Carlos Castenada's The Teachings of Don Juan had become a cliche in the Southwestern scene. True to form, at least one in this small clique of back-to-the-desert seekers decided to make a brew of desert flower blossoms. One of the campers, Anthony Krueger, age 20, quaffed a cup or two. Perhaps, like Alice, he was hop Datura contains tropane or "belladonna" alkaloids. Used in the past ing to shrink down and slip for medicinal treatment of through a rabbit hole. asthma, tropane alkaSacred Datura Datura wrightii or Datura stramonium ; is known by many names including: poison lily, thornapple, moonflower, belladonna, jimsonweed, and my favorite ; "locoweed." It is most commonly referred to around the country as jimsonweed. The name is believed to have been derived from Jamestown, Virginia in 1676, when British troops reportedly behaved bizarrely after consuming Datura. "Zombification" rituals by Haitians reportedly used Datura stramonium. Krueger's first reaction was insomnia. By the next day his behavior had taken a serious turn for the inappropriate. He had begun talking to inanimate objects and to nonexistent people- and he was acting as if both were responding to him. He tried to lift huge, impossible boulders. He ate dirt. Hours later, he stripped off his clothes and tried to swim or walk across the Colorado River. Common throughout the Southwest, and is typically found in Grand Canyon along Tonto Plateau in dry washes, and throughout the river corridor. It resembles an Easter lily; with long, white trumpet-like flowers on a thick, green vine, and blooms at night thus the alias "moonflower" ; . Its fruit or "seed pod" is called thornapple, and is a pendulous hanging, thistle structure containing numerous small kidney-shaped seeds. loids are "anticholinergic" and toxic in high doses to the human nervous system. The tropane alkaloid called hyoscyamine scopolamine in younger plants ; , makes up almost 60% of the weight of Datura's flowers, fruit, seeds, and nectar, and is also found in the shoots, roots and leaves. In short, the entire plant is potentially toxic. The seeds contain the highest concentration of tropane alkaloids, the equivalent of 0.1 mg atropine per seed. Ingesting or smoking as little as teaspoon of seeds could cause death from cardiac and pulmonary arrest. Toxicity is cleverly captured in the cute mnemonic: Hot as a hare or Hades ; , Blind as a bat, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Mad as a hatter Scientifically, this translates into "anticholinergic" overload on the autonomic nervous system. There is blocking of parasympathetic cholinergic ; nerve impulses, which basically shifts the body from the equivalent of park "dinner and a movie" ; into sympathetic overdrive "fight or flight" ; at warp speed. And with no parasym.
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After incubation at 20-22 for 100 nM + ; -butaclamol or 100 mM - ; -butaclamol . 30 min, 0 .5 ml was filtered under vacuum through a Whatman GF B glees fiber The filters were placed in filter followed by a wash of 5 ml ice-cold buffer ; . liquid scintillation vials, 8 ml of Aquaeol New England Nuclear Corp ., Boston ; Stereospecific were added, and the vials monitored for 3 at least 6 hre later . binding of 3H-haloperidol was defined se that amount bound in the presence of - ; -butaclamol minus that bound in the presence of + ; -butaclamol 22, 23 ; . The stereoapecific binding of 3H3FI-Apomorphine radioreceptor assay 24 ; : apomorphiae was measured by minor modifications of a method previously described 22 ; . Ia each incubation tube the final concentration of 3H-apomorphine 13 .1 Ci mmole ; originally custom-prepared at 14 Ci mmole for this laboratory by New England Nuclear Corp ., Boston ; was between 1 .5 and 6 nM; each tube also contained either 1000 nM - ; -butaclamol or 1000 nM + ; -butaclamol . Incubation and filtration was se above, and each filter was washed With 5 mls of buffer . Stereospecific binding of 3H-apomorphine was defined as that bound is the presence of - ; -butaclamol minus that bound in the presence of + ; -butaclamol 24 ; . 3H iauclidia 1 beazilate radiorece for assn for choliner is rece tore : The specific binding of -quinuclidinyl beazilate was done with minor modifications by the method of Yamamura and Snyder 25 ; . Each tube contained a final concentration of 1 nM 3H-quinuclidinyl beazilate 28 .2 Ci mmole ; New England Nuclear Corp . ; , and half the tubes contained 100 nM scopolamine . Incubation for 30 min at 20 C was sufficient to achieve equilibrium. Filtration was ae above 5 mls buffer ; . Specific binding of 3H-quinuclidinyl beazilate was defined as that bound in the absence of scopolamine minus that bound in its presence . 3H-Serotonin radioreceptor assay 26 ; : The specific binding of aerotonin was done by the method of Whitaker and Seeuran 26 ; . Each tube contained a final concentration of 3 3H-aerotonin creatinine sulphate 12 .5 .Ci mmole ; Amereham Searle ; , and half the tubes also contained excess 100 nM ; aerotonin creatinine sulphate . After incubation at 20-22C for 30 min, 0 .5 ml was filtered under vacuum through Whatman GF B filters followed by a wash with 5 ml of ice-cold buffer . Specific binding was defined as that bound in the absence of excess aerotonin minus that bound in its presence . 3H-Naloaone radioreceptor assay 27, 28 ; : Specific nalosone binding was done by the method of Pert and Snyder 27, 28 ; with minor modifications . Each tube contained a final concentration of 1 nM 3fi-aaloaone 16 .4 Ci mmole ; New England Nuclear Corp . ; and half the tubes contained excess 500 nI~ morphine . Incubation and filtration was se above, and the filters were washed with a rinse of 5 ml buffer . Specific binding was defined as that occurring in the absence of excess morphine minus that is its presence . 3ti-WB-4101 radioreceptor assay for alpha-adrenergic receptors 29 ; : The specific WB-4101 binding was modified from Greenberg et al . Each tube contained a final concentration of 1 3H-B 4101 .0 Ci mmole, New England Nuclear Corp . ; and half the tubes contained excess 100 nM ; phenoxybenzamine . Incubation and filtration was as above 5 ml rinse ; . Specific binding was defined ea that occurring in the absence of pheaoaybenzamine minus that in its presence . The percentage increment or decrement ; between the haloperidol-treated tissue and the matched control were obtained for each membrane preparation. The geometrical average, standard deviation and standard error of the mean were determined for these percentage increments . The geometrical mean was used instead of arithmetical mean to compensate for the bias towards elevated values, which would occur with the arithmetic mean . The significance of the changes were calculated using the Wilcoaoa's rank test . RESULTS The long-term haloperidol pretreatment resulted in a 34X increase in 31ihaloperidol binding and a 77X increase in 3H-apomorphine binding in the rat striatum Fig . 1 ; . These increases were significant at the 0.05 and 0.02 levels and septra.
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Nephrine, norepinephrine, urinarycortisol, 17-hydroxycorticos itoneal hemorrhage 1 patient ; . Mean age was 63 yr range were 100rightadrenalmasses and 129 left adrenalmasses. trophin ACFH ; administration. Allmedicationshatmightinter Mean lesion diameter s.d. ; was 3.2 1.6 cm range, t fere with either the scintigraphic or biochemical studies were 1"16 cm ; . stopped priorto study. A total of 119 of the 229 cases have been A final diagnosis of adenoma was made in 185 patients the subject of three previous reports initially examining the sig nificance of NP-59 uptake in a selected group of 9 patients 11 from cytologic findings obtained by CT-guided biopsy of evaluation of NP-59 imaging in 28 patients with known extra the mass in 19, adrenalectomy in 26 or change in the adrenalmalignancies 15 and the efficacy of NP-59 scintigraphy appearance of the mass on CT scans performed over a follow-up intervalof at least 6 mo range, 6 mo to 3 after in patients with unilateraladrenalmasses 12 ; . the initial CT scan. Forty-four intra-adrenal neoplasms Scan interpretation was based on previously established cnte na in which either the presence or absence of significant asym were identified and the diagnosis was made by CT-guided metiy of NP-59uptake either favoringthe side of the abnormal needle biopsy or adrenalectomy in each case Table 1 ; . adrenal on CT; a concordant imaging pattern ; , or decreased, Non-neoplastic, space-occupying, adrenal lesions were distorted, or absentNP-59uptakeseen on the sideof the abnor identified in 7 cases adrenal cysts ; . Symmetrical NP-59 mal adrenal on CF a discordant imaging pattern ; 12 ; . Bilaterally uptake was observed in 29 patients. Pen-adrenal masses symmetricalNP-59uptake withinthe limitsof normaland previ adjacent to but not actually in the adrenal gland were ously established adrenal asymmetry ; was considered normal present in 6 patients, while pseudoadrenalmasses nonad 16 ; . Statistical analyses were performedusing Students' t-test and renalmasses initiallybelieved to arisefromthe adrenal, but the confidence intervalestimationforthe binomialparameter 17 ; . in fact derived from other structures ; were identified in 6 patients that included a gastric varix, retroperitoneal he Confirmation of diagnoses were obtained from surgical explora tion and adrenalectomyor needle biopsy in 99 patients and serial matoma, myelolipoma, renal cyst and a gastric leiomyoma follow-upwith clinical, biochemical nd CT evaluationsin 130 Table 2 ; . a and serostim.
Epinephrine, for a reconstituted extract of a plasma sample to which standard solution had been added; and for an extract of a plasma sample. The catechols were completely separated, with negligible interference by unknown substances. Repeated use of the columns eventually necessitated decreasing the acetomtrile concentrations or increasing concentrations of the ion-pairing reagent, to maintain adequate chromatographic separations. DHPG and DOPAC could be further resolved from other substances by increasing or decreasing the pH of the mobile phase within the range 3.2 and 3.7; increasing the pH caused DOPA and DOPAC to move towards the solvent front relative to other substances. The detection limit of the assay i.e., threefold the baseline noise ; was about 6 pg for DHFG, 15 pg for DOPA, 6 pg for norepinephrine, 10 pg for epinephrine, 18 pg for DOPAC, and 14 pg for dopainine. Mean analytical recovery of the internal standard was 52 5%, and analytical recoveries of the catecholamines and metabolites mean SD, expressed as a percentage of the recovery of the internal standard ; were 71 6% for DHPG, 46 7% for DOPA, 99 12% for norepinephFigure 1 shows chromatographic recordings dard solution of DRPG, DOPA, norepinephrine, DOPAC, dihydroxybenzylamine, and dopamine.
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If, on the other hand, read-only tags are used, unauthorized modification of the data is intrinsically impossible. This must be weighed against other security disadvantages of the read-only tags, which do not permit any encryption and at best allow only weak authentication password without protection against replay attacks ; . Cloning and emulation In the case of cloning, the data content of a tag is read out or discovered in some other way in order to write a new tag with the data. This tag is then used to simulate the identity of the original tag. In addition, it is conceivable to employ devices having a high degree of functionality which are used to emulate any kind of tag with a given data content. Such an emulator could be relatively small although larger than the tags ; . If it possible each time to bring the emulator manually close to the reader, highly flexible means of falsification become available: Someone removes an item from a stream of products; its tag is read using a portable reader which may also be integrated into the emulator next, the person goes to the intended reader where, with the help of the emulator, he unobtrusively simulates that the item has passed this point. A duplicated tag could be used in similar fashion, for example by taking an item off a "smart shelf" and replacing it with the duplicate, so that the intended theft protection does not take effect. Because cloning and emulating require prior readout or eavesdropping, the countermeasures are the same as those used against these attacks see above ; . Both types of attack must be prevented in order to exclude the possibility of cloning and emulation taking place. Another countermeasure could take the form of plausibility checks in the backend which detect duplicates e.g. because these crop up at different locations ; . Detaching the tag from the tagged item This attack appears trivial, but that is precisely why it should also be borne in mind. Each RFID system depends on the tags being present on the intended items. "Switching" tags as is also done nowadays with price labels ; with fraudulent intent or merely with the intention of creating confusion is an obvious manipulation. The mechanical manipulation does not involve any special requirements and therefore tends to be cheap to perform. Countermeasures: A tight mechanical bond between the tag and the tagged item ensures that removing the tag will also damage the product e.g. when the tag is woven into textiles or embedded in plastic parts ; . In some applications, tags can be fitted in such a way that they are difficult to find or are inaccessible. In the case of active tags, an alarm function is also conceivable: A sensor determines that the transponder has been manipulated. It stores this information and transmits an alarm to a reader as soon as one comes within range. Where tagged items which have a high value or some sort of security relevance are concerned, additional features e.g. a barcode or an inconspicuous mark ; may be provided on the item so that, if neces sary, a manual check can be performed to see whether the tag is attached to the cor rect item. The correlation between the additional features and the tag ID is stored in the backend. Mechanical or chemical destruction RFID tags can be mechanically or chemically damaged. The antennae in particular are vulnerable. Countermeasures: A close mechanical connection between the tag and the tagged item may also help to make it difficult to destroy the tag with out damaging the item. In some applications, tags may be atta ched in such a way that they are difficult to find or are inaccessible and sevelamer.
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Order online or call 1-800-501-4214 site scopolamine columbia electronic encyclopedia - cite this source scopolamine or hyoscine , alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the nightshade family solanaceae ; , chiefly from henbane , hyoscyamus niger.
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N -butylidenephthalide attenuated the scopolamine-induced and mecamylamine-induced acquisition impairment, and also attenuated the acquisition impairment induced by scopolamine plus mecamylamine and scopolamine.
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Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Thelen B, Habermeyer E, Kunert HJ, Kovar K-A, Lindenblatt H, Hermle L, Spitzer M, Sass H 1999 ; Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine MDE ; , psilocybin and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 142: 4150 Haney M, Ward AS, Comer SD, Foltin RW, Fischman MW 1999 ; Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology 141: 395404 Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Wells LT 2000 ; Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, on dmethamphetamine-induced cognitive and physiological changes in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 504512 Kelly TH, Foltin RW, Fischman MW 1991 ; The effects of repeated amphetamine exposure on multiple measures of human behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38: 417426 Kelly TH, Foltin RW, Emurian CS, Fischman MW 1993 ; Performance-based testing for drugs of abuse: dose and time profiles of marijuana, amphetamine, alcohol, and diazepam. J Anal Toxicol 17: 264272 Kennedy RS, Odenheimer RC, Baltzley DR, Dunlap WP, Wood DD 1990 ; Differential effects of scopolamine and amphetamine on microcomputer-based performance tests. Aviat Space Environ Med 61: 615621 Kosman ME, Unna DR 1968 ; Effects of chronic administration of the amphetamines and other stimulants on behavior. Clin Pharmacol Ther 9: 240254 Lamb RJ, Henningfield JE 1994 ; Human d-amphetamine drug discrimination: methamphetamine and hydromorphone. J Exp Anal Behav 61: 169180 Martin WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, Jasinski DR 1971 ; Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12: 245258 Mayfield DG 1973 ; The effect of intravenous methamphetamine on mood. Int J Addict 8: 565568 McLaren DS 1976 ; Nutrition and its disorders, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh McLeod DR, Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Yingling J 1982 ; An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test DSST ; . Behav Res Methods Instr 14: 463466 Miller TP, Taylor JL, Tinklenberg JR 1988 ; A comparison of assessment techniques measuring the effects of methylphenidate, secobarbital, diazepam and diphenhydramine in abstinent alcoholics. Neuropsychobiology 19: 9096 MMWR 1995 ; Increasing morbidity and mortality associated with abuse of methamphetamine United States, 19911994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 44: 882886 Mohs RC, Tinklenberg JR, Roth WT, Kopell BS 1978 ; Methamphetamine and diphenhydramine effects on the rate of cognitive processing. Psychopharmacology 59: 1319 Peltier RL, Li DH, Lytle D, Taylor CM, Emmett-Oglesby MW 1996 ; Chronic d-amphetamine or methamphetamine produces cross-tolerance to the discriminative and reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277: 212218 Perez-Reyes M, White WR, McDonald SA, Hill JM, Jeffcoat AR, Cook CE 1991a ; Clinical effects of methamphetamine vapor inhalation. Life Sci 49: 953959 Perez-Reyes M, White WR, McDonald SA, Hicks RE, Jeffcoat AR, Hill JM, Cook CE 1991b ; Clinical effects of daily methamphetamine administration. Clin Neuropharmacol 14: 352 358 Post RM, Gillin JC, Wyatt RJ, Goodwin FK 1974 ; The effect of orally administered cocaine on sleep of depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 37: 5966 Schenk S, Partridge B 1997 ; Sensitization and tolerance in psychostimulant self-administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57: 543550 Shappell SA, Kearns GL, Valentine JL, Neri DF, DeJohn CA 1996 ; Chronopharmacokinetics and chronopharmacodynamics of dextromethamphetamine in man. J Clin Pharmacol 36: 10511063.
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Estimates of ECP efficacy can reasonably be compared only when they are based on expected numbers of pregnancies computed by matching the cycle day of unprotected intercourse relative to ovulation with conception rates specific to that cycle day. Results computed in this way are available for only 10 published studies. The effectiveness rates the proportionate reductions in the expected number of pregnancies ; range from a low of 55.3% to a high of 94.2%. The weighted average of the effectiveness rates in all 10 studies obtained by pooling all observations is 74.0%. The true effectiveness rate of the Yuzpe and solifenacin.
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